This review explores the complex neural circuit mechanisms underlying epilepsy, with a focus on structural, synaptic, and neurotransmitter circuits. Recent advancements in technologies, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optogenetics, and chemogenetics, have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Key brain regions like the hippocampus and thalamus, along with various subcortical structures, play critical roles in seizure development. The interactions between neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters are central to epileptic activity, influencing the onset and progression of seizures. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG and MRI are essential for identifying the brain areas most susceptible to seizures, while optogenetics and chemogenetics offer precise tools for modulating neural circuits and observing the effects in real time.
The review emphasizes the growing importance of investigating neural circuits in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. While significant strides have been made in understanding the mechanisms behind the disorder, a complete and nuanced understanding remains elusive. Future research will rely on advanced technologies, animal models, and a deeper exploration of both excitatory and inhibitory functions within neural circuits. This ongoing research holds the promise of more effective treatment strategies for epilepsy, ultimately aiming to prevent seizures by targeting specific neural pathways and improving the balance between excitation and inhibition in the brain.
Reference: Du X, Wang Y, Wang X, et al. Neural circuit mechanisms of epilepsy: Maintenance of homeostasis at the cellular, synaptic, and neurotransmitter levels. Neural Regen Res. 2026 Feb 1;21(2):455-465. doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00537. Epub 2025 Jan 13. PMID: 40326979.
